ev_io - is this file descriptor readable or writable?ev_timer - relative and optionally repeating timeoutsev_periodic - to cron or not to cron?ev_signal - signal me when a signal gets signalled!ev_child - watch out for process status changesev_stat - did the file attributes just change?ev_idle - when you've got nothing better to do...ev_prepare and ev_check - customise your event loop!ev_embed - when one backend isn't enough...ev_fork - the audacity to resume the event loop after a forklibev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
#include <ev.h>
#include <ev.h>
ev_io stdin_watcher;
ev_timer timeout_watcher;
/* called when data readable on stdin */
static void
stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)
{
/* puts ("stdin ready"); */
ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); /* just a syntax example */
ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); /* leave all loop calls */
}
static void
timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
/* puts ("timeout"); */
ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); /* leave one loop call */
}
int
main (void)
{
struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
/* initialise an io watcher, then start it */
ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
/* simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout */
ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
/* loop till timeout or data ready */
ev_loop (loop, 0);
return 0;
}
The newest version of this document is also available as a html-formatted web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first time: http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.html.
Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage these event sources and provide your program with events.
To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process (or thread) by executing the event loop handler, and will then communicate events via a callback mechanism.
You register interest in certain events by registering so-called event watchers, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by starting the watcher.
Libev supports select, poll, the Linux-specific epoll, the
BSD-specific kqueue and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
for file descriptor events (ev_io), the Linux inotify interface
(for ev_stat), relative timers (ev_timer), absolute timers
with customised rescheduling (ev_periodic), synchronous signals
(ev_signal), process status change events (ev_child), and event
watchers dealing with the event loop mechanism itself (ev_idle,
ev_embed, ev_prepare and ev_check watchers) as well as
file watchers (ev_stat) and even limited support for fork events
(ev_fork).
It also is quite fast (see this benchmark comparing it to libevent for example).
Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration will
be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info about
various configuration options please have a look at EMBED section in
this manual. If libev was configured without support for multiple event
loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of name loop
(which is always of type struct ev_loop *) will not have this argument.
Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the
(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near
the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is
called ev_tstamp, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases
to the double type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on
it, you should treat it as such.
These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the library in any way.
Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
ev_now function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
you actually want to know.
You can find out the major and minor API/ABI version numbers of the library
you linked against by calling the functions ev_version_major and
ev_version_minor. If you want, you can compare against the global
symbols EV_VERSION_MAJOR and EV_VERSION_MINOR, which specify the
version of the library your program was compiled against.
These version numbers refer to the API and ABI version of the library, not the release version.
Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch, as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually not a problem.
Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong version.
assert (("libev version mismatch",
ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding EV_BACKEND_*
value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their
availability on the system you are running on). See ev_default_loop for
a description of the set values.
Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11
assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also
recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one
returned by ev_supported_backends, as for example kqueue is broken on
most BSDs and will not be autodetected unless you explicitly request it
(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that
libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This
is the theoretical, all-platform, value. To find which backends
might be supported on the current system, you would need to look at
ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends (), likewise for
recommended ones.
See the description of ev_embed watchers for more info.
Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the semantics is identical - to the realloc C function). It is used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when memory needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some potentially destructive action. The default is your system realloc function.
You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say, free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator, or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then retries).
static void *
persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
{
for (;;)
{
void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);
if (newptr)
return newptr;
sleep (60);
}
}
...
ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff (such as abort).
Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.
static void
fatal_error (const char *msg)
{
perror (msg);
abort ();
}
...
ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
An event loop is described by a struct ev_loop *. The library knows two
types of such loops, the default loop, which supports signals and child
events, and dynamically created loops which do not.
If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop in your main thread (or in a separate thread) and for each thread you create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no locking whatsoever, so if you mix calls to the same event loop in different threads, make sure you lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if done correctly, because it's hideous and inefficient).
This will initialise the default event loop if it hasn't been initialised
yet and return it. If the default loop could not be initialised, returns
false. If it already was initialised it simply returns it (and ignores the
flags. If that is troubling you, check ev_backend () afterwards).
If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this function.
The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
backends to use, and is usually specified as 0 (or EVFLAG_AUTO).
The following flags are supported:
EVFLAG_AUTOThe default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right thing, believe me).
EVFLAG_NOENVIf this flag bit is ored into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
or setgid) then libev will not look at the environment variable
LIBEV_FLAGS. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work
around bugs.
EVFLAG_FORKCHECKInstead of calling ev_default_fork or ev_loop_fork manually after
a fork, you can also make libev check for a fork in each iteration by
enabling this flag.
This works by calling getpid () on every iteration of the loop,
and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
Linux system for example, getpid is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
without a syscall and thus very fast, but my Linux system also has
pthread_atfork which is even faster).
The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this flag.
This flag setting cannot be overriden or specified in the LIBEV_FLAGS
environment variable.
EVBACKEND_SELECT (value 1, portable select backend)This is your standard select(2) backend. Not completely standard, as libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds, but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its usually the fastest backend for a low number of fds.
EVBACKEND_POLL (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select, i.e. O(total_fds).
EVBACKEND_EPOLL (value 4, Linux)For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd), epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
While stopping and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration will result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident (because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its best to avoid that. Also, dup()ed file descriptors might not work very well if you register events for both fds.
Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data (or space) is available.
EVBACKEND_KQUEUE (value 8, most BSD clones)Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work with
anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course its
completely useless). For this reason its not being "autodetected"
unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using
EVBACKEND_KQUEUE).
It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of course). While starting and stopping an I/O watcher does not cause an extra syscall as with epoll, it still adds up to four event changes per incident, so its best to avoid that.
EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL (value 16, Solaris 8)This is not implemented yet (and might never be).
EVBACKEND_PORT (value 32, Solaris 10)This uses the Solaris 10 port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris, it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
Please note that solaris ports can result in a lot of spurious notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data (or space) is available.
EVBACKEND_ALLTry all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
with EVFLAG_AUTO). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE.
If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as given here). If none are specified, most compiled-in backend will be tried, usually in reverse order of their flag values :)
The most typical usage is like this:
if (!ev_default_loop (0))
fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow environment settings to be taken into account:
ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):
ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
Similar to ev_default_loop, but always creates a new event loop that is
always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
if (!epoller)
fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state
etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
sense, so e.g. ev_is_active might still return true. It is your
responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef before
calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
the easiest thing, youc na just ignore the watchers and/or free () them
for example).
Like ev_default_destroy, but destroys an event loop created by an
earlier call to ev_loop_new.
This function reinitialises the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in either the parent or child process (or both, but that again makes little sense).
You must call this function in the child process after forking if and only if you want to use the event library in both processes. If you just fork+exec, you don't have to call it.
The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call
it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in
quite nicely into a call to pthread_atfork:
pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);
At the moment, EVBACKEND_SELECT and EVBACKEND_POLL are safe to use
without calling this function, so if you force one of those backends you
do not need to care.
Like ev_default_fork, but acts on an event loop created by
ev_loop_new. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.
Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to
the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at 0 and
happily wraps around with enough iterations.
This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it
"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with
ev_prepare and ev_check calls.
Returns one of the EVBACKEND_* flags indicating the event backend in
use.
Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the event occuring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).
Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling events.
If the flags argument is specified as 0, it will not return until
either no event watchers are active anymore or ev_unloop was called.
Please note that an explicit ev_unloop is usually better than
relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program that
automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue of
relying on its watchers stopping correctly is a thing of beauty.
A flags value of EVLOOP_NONBLOCK will look for new events, will handle
those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in
case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.
A flags value of EVLOOP_ONESHOT will look for new events (waiting if
neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block
your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after
one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some
external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other
libev watchers. However, a pair of ev_prepare/ev_check watchers is
usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
Here are the gory details of what ev_loop does:
- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
* If there are no active watchers (reference count is zero), return.
- Queue all prepare watchers and then call all outstanding watchers.
- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.
- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
- Update the "event loop time".
- Calculate for how long to block.
- Block the process, waiting for any events.
- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.
- Queue all outstanding timers.
- Queue all outstanding periodics.
- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.
- Queue all check watchers.
- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
- If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK
were used, return, otherwise continue with step *.
Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding anymore.
... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long ... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..) ev_loop (my_loop, 0); ... jobs done. yeah!
Can be used to make a call to ev_loop return early (but only after it
has processed all outstanding events). The how argument must be either
EVUNLOOP_ONE, which will make the innermost ev_loop call return, or
EVUNLOOP_ALL, which will make all nested ev_loop calls return.
Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event
loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference
count is nonzero, ev_loop will not return on its own. If you have
a watcher you never unregister that should not keep ev_loop from
returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For
example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not
visible to the libev user and should not keep ev_loop from exiting if
no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent
way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party
libraries. Just remember to unref after start and ref before stop.
Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping ev_loop
running when nothing else is active.
struct ev_signal exitsig; ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT); ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig); evf_unref (loop);
Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
ev_ref (loop); ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
become readable, you would create an ev_io watcher for that:
static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
{
ev_io_stop (w);
ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
}
struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
struct ev_io stdin_watcher;
ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
ev_loop (loop, 0);
As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack, although this can sometimes be quite valid).
Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to ev_init
(watcher *, callback), which expects a callback to be provided. This
callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of io
watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given
is readable and/or writable).
Each watcher type has its own ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) macro
with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro
to combine initialisation and setting in one call: ev_<type>_init
(watcher *, callback, ...).
To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it
with a watcher-specific start function (ev_<type>_start (loop, watcher
*)), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the
corresponding stop function (ev_<type>_stop (loop, watcher *).
As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you
must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never
reinitialise it or call its set macro.
Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as third argument.
The received events usually include a single bit per event type received (you can receive multiple events at the same time). The possible bit masks are:
EV_READEV_WRITEThe file descriptor in the ev_io watcher has become readable and/or
writable.
EV_TIMEOUTThe ev_timer watcher has timed out.
EV_PERIODICThe ev_periodic watcher has timed out.
EV_SIGNALThe signal specified in the ev_signal watcher has been received by a thread.
EV_CHILDThe pid specified in the ev_child watcher has received a status change.
EV_STATThe path specified in the ev_stat watcher changed its attributes somehow.
EV_IDLEThe ev_idle watcher has determined that you have nothing better to do.
EV_PREPAREEV_CHECKAll ev_prepare watchers are invoked just before ev_loop starts
to gather new events, and all ev_check watchers are invoked just after
ev_loop has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any
received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as
many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account
(for example, a ev_prepare watcher might start an idle watcher to keep
ev_loop from blocking).
EV_EMBEDThe embedded event loop specified in the ev_embed watcher needs attention.
EV_FORKThe event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
ev_fork).
EV_ERRORAn unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping with the watcher being stopped.
Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error, for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded programs, though, so beware.
In the following description, TYPE stands for the watcher type,
e.g. timer for ev_timer watchers and io for ev_io watchers.
ev_init (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)This macro initialises the generic portion of a watcher. The contents
of the watcher object can be arbitrary (so malloc will do). Only
the generic parts of the watcher are initialised, you need to call
the type-specific ev_TYPE_set macro afterwards to initialise the
type-specific parts. For each type there is also a ev_TYPE_init macro
which rolls both calls into one.
You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped (or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
The callback is always of type void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
int revents).
ev_TYPE_set (ev_TYPE *, [args])This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
call ev_init at least once before you call this macro, but you can
call ev_TYPE_set any number of times. You must not, however, call this
macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a
difference to the ev_init macro).
Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
(e.g. ev_prepare) you still need to call its set macro.
ev_TYPE_init (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])This convinience macro rolls both ev_init and ev_TYPE_set macro
calls into a single call. This is the most convinient method to initialise
a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
ev_TYPE_start (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.
ev_TYPE_stop (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)Stops the given watcher again (if active) and clears the pending
status. It is possible that stopped watchers are pending (for example,
non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending), but
ev_TYPE_stop ensures that the watcher is neither active nor pending. If
you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is therefore a
good idea to always call its ev_TYPE_stop function.
Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify it.
Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding
events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher
is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but
ev_TYPE_set is safe), you must not change its priority, and you must
make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot free ()
it).
Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time (modulo threads).
Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small
integer between EV_MAXPRI (default: 2) and EV_MINPRI
(default: -2). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
from being executed (except for ev_idle watchers).
This means that priorities are only used for ordering callback invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.
If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
you need to look at ev_idle watchers, which provide this functionality.
You must not change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or pending.
The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
always 0, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
Setting a priority outside the range of EV_MINPRI to EV_MAXPRI is
fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.
Invoke the watcher with the given loop and revents. Neither
loop nor revents need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
can deal with that fact.
If the watcher is pending, this function returns clears its pending status
and returns its revents bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns 0.
Each watcher has, by default, a member void *data that you can change
and read at any time, libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
data:
struct my_io
{
struct ev_io io;
int otherfd;
void *somedata;
struct whatever *mostinteresting;
}
And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you can cast it back to your own type:
static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)
{
struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
...
}
More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type instead have been omitted.
Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple watchers:
struct my_biggy
{
int some_data;
ev_timer t1;
ev_timer t2;
}
In this case getting the pointer to my_biggy is a bit more complicated,
you need to use offsetof:
#include <stddef.h>
static void
t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
}
static void
t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
}
This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat information given in the last section. Any initialisation/set macros, functions and members specific to the watcher type are explained.
Members are additionally marked with either [read-only], meaning that, while the watcher is active, you can look at the member and expect some sensible content, but you must not modify it (you can modify it while the watcher is stopped to your hearts content), or [read-write], which means you can expect it to have some sensible content while the watcher is active, but you can also modify it. Modifying it may not do something sensible or take immediate effect (or do anything at all), but libev will not crash or malfunction in any way.
ev_io - is this file descriptor readable or writable?I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable in each iteration of the event loop, or, more precisely, when reading would not block the process and writing would at least be able to write some data. This behaviour is called level-triggering because you keep receiving events as long as the condition persists. Remember you can stop the watcher if you don't want to act on the event and neither want to receive future events.
In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not required if you know what you are doing).
You have to be careful with dup'ed file descriptors, though. Some backends (the linux epoll backend is a notable example) cannot handle dup'ed file descriptors correctly if you register interest in two or more fds pointing to the same underlying file/socket/etc. description (that is, they share the same underlying "file open").
If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend
(at the time of this writing, this includes only EVBACKEND_SELECT and
EVBACKEND_POLL).
Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
receive "spurious" readyness notifications, that is your callback might
be called with EV_READ but a subsequent read(2) will actually block
because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
lot of those (for example solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra read(2) returning
EAGAIN is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on its own, so its quite safe to use).
Configures an ev_io watcher. The fd is the file descriptor to
rceeive events for and events is either EV_READ, EV_WRITE or
EV_READ | EV_WRITE to receive the given events.
The file descriptor being watched.
The events being watched.
Example: Call stdin_readable_cb when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
static void
stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
{
ev_io_stop (loop, w);
.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors
}
...
struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
struct ev_io stdin_readable;
ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
ev_loop (loop, 0);
ev_timer - relative and optionally repeating timeoutsTimer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.
The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the ev_now ()
time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
you suspect event processing to be delayed and you need to base the timeout
on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:
ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);
The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed, but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.
Configure the timer to trigger after after seconds. If repeat is
0., then it will automatically be stopped. If it is positive, then the
timer will automatically be configured to trigger again repeat seconds
later, again, and again, until stopped manually.
The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is repeating. The exact semantics are:
If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.
If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
repeat value), or reset the running timer to the repeat value.
This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical
example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle
timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
configure an ev_timer with a repeat value of 60 and then call
ev_timer_again each time you successfully read or write some data. If
you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
socket, you can ev_timer_stop the timer, and ev_timer_again will
automatically restart it if need be.
That means you can ignore the after value and ev_timer_start
altogether and only ever use the repeat value and ev_timer_again:
ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.); ev_timer_again (loop, timer); ... timer->again = 17.; ev_timer_again (loop, timer); ... timer->again = 10.; ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time you want to modify its timeout value.
The current repeat value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
or ev_timer_again is called and determines the next timeout (if any),
which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
static void
one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
}
struct ev_timer mytimer;
ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of inactivity.
static void
timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
.. ten seconds without any activity
}
struct ev_timer mytimer;
ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
ev_loop (loop, 0);
// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
ev_periodic - to cron or not to cron?Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile (and unfortunately a bit complex).
Unlike ev_timer's, they are not based on real time (or relative time)
but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher
to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a
periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. ev_now ()
+ 10.) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will
take a year to trigger the event (unlike an ev_timer, which would trigger
roughly 10 seconds later).
They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as triggering an event on each midnight, local time or other, complicated, rules.
As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the
time (at) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready
during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.
Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:
In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time
at and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,
that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the
system time reaches or surpasses this time.
In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
at + N * interval time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)
and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.
This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system time:
ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers, but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible by 3600.
Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
ev_periodic will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
time where time = at (mod interval), regardless of any time jumps.
For numerical stability it is preferable that the at value is near
ev_now () (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
this value.
In this mode the values for interval and at are both being
ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
current time as second argument.
NOTE: This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,
ever, or make any event loop modifications. If you need to stop it,
return now + 1e30 (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by
starting an ev_prepare watcher, which is legal).
Its prototype is ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,
ev_tstamp now), e.g.:
static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
{
return now + 60.;
}
It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value (that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but might be called at other times, too.
NOTE: This callback must always return a time that is later than the
passed now value. Not even now itself will do, it must be larger.
This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the
next midnight after now and return the timestamp value for this. How
you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main
reason I omitted it as an example).
Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like program when the crontabs have changed).
When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
absolute point in time (the at value passed to ev_periodic_set).
Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
timer fires or ev_periodic_again is being called.
The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
take effect when the periodic timer fires or ev_periodic_again is being
called.
The current reschedule callback, or 0, if this functionality is
switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
the periodic timer fires or ev_periodic_again is being called.
Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.
static void
clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
{
... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
}
struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
#include <math.h>
static ev_tstamp
my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
{
return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;
}
ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
ev_signal - signal me when a signal gets signalled!Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the normal event processing, like any other event.
You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal watcher with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
Configures the watcher to trigger on the given signal number (usually one
of the SIGxxx constants).
The signal the watcher watches out for.
ev_child - watch out for process status changesChild watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).
Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process pid (or
any process if pid is specified as 0). The callback can look
at the rstatus member of the ev_child watcher structure to see
the status word (use the macros from sys/wait.h and see your systems
waitpid documentation). The rpid member contains the pid of the
process causing the status change.
The process id this watcher watches out for, or 0, meaning any process id.
The process id that detected a status change.
The process exit/trace status caused by rpid (see your systems
waitpid and sys/wait.h documentation for details).
Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.
static void
sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)
{
ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
}
struct ev_signal signal_watcher;
ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);
ev_stat - did the file attributes just change?This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
stat regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed
compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.
The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does
not exist" is signified by the st_nlink field being zero (which is
otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of
the stat buffer having unspecified contents.
The path should be absolute and must not end in a slash. If it is relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.
Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply
calls stat (2) regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You
can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify
a polling interval of 0 (highly recommended!) then a suitable,
unspecified default value will be used (which you can expect to be around
five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also
impose a minimum interval which is currently around 0.1, but thats
usually overkill.
This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers, as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be resource-intensive.
At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is
implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the
reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the
semantics of ev_stat watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs
to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are
usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no
polling.
Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of the given
path. The interval is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
be detected and should normally be specified as 0 to let libev choose
a suitable value. The memory pointed to by path must point to the same
path for as long as the watcher is active.
The callback will be receive EV_STAT when a change was detected,
relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the
last change was detected).
Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be useful simply to find out the new values.
The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of
ev_statdata, this is usually the (or one of the) struct stat types
suitable for your system. If the st_nlink member is 0, then there
was some error while stating the file.
The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever
prev != attr.
The specified interval.
The filesystem path that is being watched.
Example: Watch /etc/passwd for attribute changes.
static void
passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
{
/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
if (w->attr.st_nlink)
{
printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);
printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
}
else
/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "
"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");
}
...
ev_stat passwd;
ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd");
ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
ev_idle - when you've got nothing better to do...Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count).
That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts (or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop iteration - until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events and becomes busy again with higher priority stuff.
The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.
Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do "pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the event loop has handled all outstanding events.
Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
kind. There is a ev_idle_set macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
believe me.
Example: Dynamically allocate an ev_idle watcher, start it, and in the
callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
static void
idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)
{
free (w);
// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
// no longer asnything immediate to do.
}
struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));
ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);
ev_prepare and ev_check - customise your event loop!Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem: prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers afterwards.
You must not call ev_loop or similar functions that enter
the current event loop from either ev_prepare or ev_check
watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The
rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in
those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be ev_prepare, blocking,
ev_check so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be
called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.
Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track
variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if
you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,
in X programs you might want to do an XFlush () in an ev_prepare
watcher).
This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need
to be watched by the other library, registering ev_io watchers for
them and starting an ev_timer watcher for any timeouts (many libraries
provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for
any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers
and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer
callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,
because you never know, you know?).
As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
It is recommended to give ev_check watchers highest (EV_MAXPRI)
priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
after the poll. Also, ev_check watchers (and ev_prepare watchers,
too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully
supports this, they will be called before other ev_check watchers did
their job. As ev_check watchers are often used to embed other event
loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
ev_check watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
others).
Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no
parameters of any kind. There are ev_prepare_set and ev_check_set
macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.
There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules
into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev
(there is a Perl module named EV::ADNS that does this, which you could
use for an actually working example. Another Perl module named EV::Glib
embeds a Glib main context into libev, and finally, Glib::EV embeds EV
into the Glib event loop).
Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,
and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows
is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low
priority for the check watcher or use ev_clear_pending explicitly, as
the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
static ev_io iow [nfd];
static ev_timer tw;
static void
io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
{
}
// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
static void
adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
{
int timeout = 3600000;
struct pollfd fds [nfd];
// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);
ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
// create one ev_io per pollfd
for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
{
ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
fds [i].revents = 0;
ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
}
}
// stop all watchers after blocking
static void
adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
{
ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
{
// set the relevant poll flags
// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
// now stop the watcher
ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
}
adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
}
Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run adns_afterpoll
in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.
Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event notification (adns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.
static void
timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
update_now (EV_A);
adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);
}
static void
io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
{
adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
update_now (EV_A);
if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
}
// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, youc na override
their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main
loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The Glib::EV module does
this.
static gint
event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
{
int got_events = 0;
for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events
if (timeout >= 0)
// create/start timer
// poll
ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
// stop timer again
if (timeout >= 0)
ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set
for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);
return got_events;
}
ev_embed - when one backend isn't enough...This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
into another (currently only ev_io events are supported in the embedded
loop, other types of watchers might be handled in a delayed or incorrect
fashion and must not be used).
There are primarily two reasons you would want that: work around bugs and prioritise I/O.
As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed it into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation will be a bit slower because first libev has to poll and then call kevent, but at least you can use both at what they are best.
As for prioritising I/O: rarely you have the case where some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency), and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first.
As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time
there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then
call ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher) to make a single sweep and invoke
their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded
loop strictly lower priority for example). You can also set the callback
to 0, in which case the embed watcher will automatically execute the
embedded loop sweep.
As long as the watcher is started it will automatically handle events. The
callback will be invoked whenever some events have been handled. You can
set the callback to 0 to avoid having to specify one if you are not
interested in that.
Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:
when you fork, you not only have to call ev_loop_fork on both loops,
but you will also have to stop and restart any ev_embed watchers
yourself.
Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable, only the ones returned by
ev_embeddable_backends are, which, unfortunately, does not include any
portable one.
So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything:
struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
struct ev_embed embed;
// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
: 0;
// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
if (loop_lo)
{
ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
}
else
loop_lo = loop_hi;
Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
embeddable. If the callback is 0, then ev_embed_sweep will be
invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
if you do not want thta, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
similarly to ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK), but in the most
apropriate way for embedded loops.
The embedded event loop.
ev_fork - the audacity to resume the event loop after a forkFork watchers are called when a fork () was detected (usually because
whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling
ev_default_fork or ev_loop_fork). The invocation is done before the
event loop blocks next and before ev_check watchers are being called,
and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
ev_default_fork cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
kind. There is a ev_fork_set macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
believe me.
There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.
This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stop both watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or more watchers yourself.
If fd is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events
is being ignored. Otherwise, an ev_io watcher for the given fd and
events set will be craeted and started.
If timeout is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be
started. Otherwise an ev_timer watcher with after = timeout (and
repeat = 0) will be started. While 0 is a valid timeout, it is of
dubious value.
The callback has the type void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg) and gets
passed an revents set like normal event callbacks (a combination of
EV_ERROR, EV_READ, EV_WRITE or EV_TIMEOUT) and the arg
value passed to ev_once:
static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)
{
if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
/* doh, nothing entered */;
else if (revents & EV_READ)
/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
}
ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).
Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected the given events it.
Feed an event as if the given signal occured (loop must be the default
loop!).
Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:
Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow you to use some convinience methods to start/stop watchers and also change the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
To use it,
#include <ev++.h>
This automatically includes ev.h and puts all of its definitions (many
of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
put into the ev namespace. It should support all the same embedding
options as ev.h, most notably EV_MULTIPLICITY.
Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++
classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer
that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if
you disable EV_MULTIPLICITY when embedding libev).
Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing it).
Here is a list of things available in the ev namespace:
ev::READ, ev::WRITE etc.These are just enum values with the same values as the EV_READ etc.
macros from ev.h.
ev::tstamp, ev::nowAliases to the same types/functions as with the ev_ prefix.
ev::io, ev::timer, ev::periodic, ev::idle, ev::sig etc.For each ev_TYPE watcher in ev.h there is a corresponding class of
the same name in the ev namespace, with the exception of ev_signal
which is called ev::sig to avoid clashes with the signal macro
defines by many implementations.
All of those classes have these methods:
The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher
with. If it is omitted, it will use EV_DEFAULT.
The constructor calls ev_init for you, which means you have to call the
set method before starting it.
It will not set a callback, however: You have to call the templated set
method to set a callback before you can start the watcher.
(The reason why you have to use a method is a limitation in C++ which does not allow explicit template arguments for constructors).
The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.
This method sets the callback method to call. The method has to have a
signature of void (*)(ev_TYPE &, int), it receives the watcher as
first argument and the revents as second. The object must be given as
parameter and is stored in the data member of the watcher.
This method synthesizes efficient thunking code to call your method from
the C callback that libev requires. If your compiler can inline your
callback (i.e. it is visible to it at the place of the set call and
your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the
thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.
Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation
struct myclass
{
void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
}
myclass obj;
ev::io iow;
iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
callback. The optional data argument will be stored in the watcher's
data member and is free for you to use.
The prototype of the function must be void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int).
See the method-set above for more details.
Example:
static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
iow.set <io_cb> ();
Associates a different struct ev_loop with this watcher. You can only
do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
Basically the same as ev_TYPE_set, with the same args. Must be
called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets
automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
method.
Starts the watcher. Note that there is no loop argument, as the
constructor already stores the event loop.
Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no loop argument.
ev::timer, ev::periodic onlyFor ev::timer and ev::periodic, this invokes the corresponding
ev_TYPE_again function.
ev::embed onlyInvokes ev_embed_sweep.
ev::stat onlyInvokes ev_stat_stat.
Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in the constructor.
class myclass
{
ev_io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
ev_idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
myclass ();
}
myclass::myclass (int fd)
{
io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
io.start (fd, ev::READ);
}
Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundemantal is
EV_MULTIPLICITY. This option determines whether (most) functions and
callbacks have an initial struct ev_loop * argument.
To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the following macros are defined:
EV_A, EV_A_This provides the loop argument for functions, if one is required ("ev
loop argument"). The EV_A form is used when this is the sole argument,
EV_A_ is used when other arguments are following. Example:
ev_unref (EV_A); ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher); ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
It assumes the variable loop of type struct ev_loop * is in scope,
which is often provided by the following macro.
EV_P, EV_P_This provides the loop parameter for functions, if one is required ("ev
loop parameter"). The EV_P form is used when this is the sole parameter,
EV_P_ is used when other parameters are following. Example:
// this is how ev_unref is being declared static void ev_unref (EV_P); // this is how you can declare your typical callback static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
It declares a parameter loop of type struct ev_loop *, quite
suitable for use with EV_A.
EV_DEFAULT, EV_DEFAULT_Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").
Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported or not.
static void
check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
}
ev_check check;
ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe) and rxvt-unicode.
The goal is to enable you to just copy the neecssary files into your source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of libev somewhere in your source tree).
Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files in your app.
To include only the libev core (all the ev_* functions), with manual
configuration (no autoconf):
#define EV_STANDALONE 1 #include "ev.c"
This will automatically include ev.h, too, and should be done in a single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use it, do the same for ev.h in all files wishing to use this API (best done by writing a wrapper around ev.h that you can include instead and where you can put other configuration options):
#define EV_STANDALONE 1 #include "ev.h"
Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++ compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated as a bug).
You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
ev.h ev.c ev_vars.h ev_wrap.h ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default) ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default) ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default) ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default) ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)
ev.c includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need to compile this single file.
To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:
#include "event.c"
in the file including ev.c, and:
#include "event.h"
in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes ev.h.
You need the following additional files for this:
event.h event.c
Instead of using EV_STANDALONE=1 and providing your config in
whatever way you want, you can also m4_include([libev.m4]) in your
configure.ac and leave EV_STANDALONE undefined. ev.c will then
include config.h and configure itself accordingly.
For this of course you need the m4 file:
libev.m4
Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define before including any of its files. The default is not to build for multiplicity and only include the select backend.
Must always be 1 if you do not use autoconf configuration, which
keeps libev from including config.h, and it also defines dummy
implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
event.h that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
If defined to be 1, libev will try to detect the availability of the
monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use
of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you
usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when
the functionality isn't available is safe, though, althoguh you have
to make sure you link against any libraries where the clock_gettime
function is hiding in (often -lrt).
If defined to be 1, libev will try to detect the availability of the
realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at
runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will
be attempted. This effectively replaces gettimeofday by clock_get
(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...) and will not normally affect correctness. See tzhe note about libraries
in the description of EV_USE_MONOTONIC, though.
If undefined or defined to be 1, libev will compile in support for the
select(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no
other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend
will not be compiled in.
If defined to 1, then the select backend will use the system fd_set
structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
NFDBITS or fd_mask definition or it misguesses the bitset layout on
exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some
low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only
allows 64 sockets). The FD_SETSIZE macro, set before compilation, might
influence the size of the fd_set used.
When defined to 1, the select backend will assume that
select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but
wants osf handles on win32 (this is the case when the select to
be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call
_get_osfhandle on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,
it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even
on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.
If defined to be 1, libev will compile in support for the poll(2)
backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
takes precedence over select.
If defined to be 1, libev will compile in support for the Linux
epoll(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the
preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems.
If defined to be 1, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
kqueue(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
backend for BSD and BSD-like systems, although on most BSDs kqueue only
supports some types of fds correctly (the only platform we found that
supports ptys for example was NetBSD), so kqueue might be compiled in, but
not be used unless explicitly requested. The best way to use it is to find
out whether kqueue supports your type of fd properly and use an embedded
kqueue loop.
If defined to be 1, libev will compile in support for the Solaris
10 port style backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
backend for Solaris 10 systems.
reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.
If defined to be 1, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
interface to speed up ev_stat watchers. Its actual availability will
be detected at runtime.
The name of the ev.h header file used to include it. The default if
undefined is <ev.h> in event.h and "ev.h" in ev.c. This
can be used to virtually rename the ev.h header file in case of conflicts.
If EV_STANDALONE isn't 1, this variable can be used to override
ev.c's idea of where to find the config.h file, similarly to
EV_H, above.
Similarly to EV_H, this macro can be used to override event.c's idea
of how the event.h header can be found.
If defined to be 0, then ev.h will not define any function
prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions
around libev functions.
If undefined or defined to 1, then all event-loop-specific functions
will have the struct ev_loop * as first argument, and you can create
additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
The range of allowed priorities. EV_MINPRI must be smaller or equal to
EV_MAXPRI, but otherwise there are no non-obvious limitations. You can
provide for more priorities by overriding those symbols (usually defined
to be -2 and 2, respectively).
When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually fine.
If your embedding app does not need any priorities, defining these both to
0 will save some memory and cpu.
If undefined or defined to be 1, then periodic timers are supported. If
defined to be 0, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
code.
If undefined or defined to be 1, then idle watchers are supported. If
defined to be 0, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
code.
If undefined or defined to be 1, then embed watchers are supported. If
defined to be 0, then they are not.
If undefined or defined to be 1, then stat watchers are supported. If
defined to be 0, then they are not.
If undefined or defined to be 1, then fork watchers are supported. If
defined to be 0, then they are not.
If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
speed, define this symbol to 1. Currently only used for gcc to override
some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64.
ev_child watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
pid. The default size is 16 (or 1 with EV_MINIMAL), usually more
than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to
increase this value (must be a power of two).
ev_staz watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
inotify watch id. The default size is 16 (or 1 with EV_MINIMAL),
usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of ev_stat
watchers you might want to increase this value (must be a power of
two).
By default, all watchers have a void *data member. By redefining
this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of
members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
though, and it must be identical each time.
For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
#define EV_COMMON \
SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \
SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */
Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,
and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member
definition and a statement, respectively. See the ev.v header file for
their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
avoid the struct ev_loop * as first argument in all cases, or to use
method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.
For a real-world example of a program the includes libev verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module (http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV.html). It has the libev files in the libev/ subdirectory and includes them in the EV/EVAPI.h (public interface) and EV.xs (implementation) files. Only the EV.xs file will be compiled. It is pretty complex because it provides its own header file.
The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a ev_cpp.h header file that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
#define EV_MINIMAL 1 #define EV_USE_POLL 0 #define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0 #define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0 #define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0 #define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0 #define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h> #define EV_MINPRI 0 #define EV_MAXPRI 0 #include "ev++.h"
And a ev_cpp.C implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
#include "ev_cpp.h" #include "ev.c"
In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the
documentation for ev_default_init.
All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this happens asymptotically never with higher number of elements, so O(1) might mean it might do a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on average it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.
This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will have to skip those 100 watchers.
That means that for changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.
These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list. =item Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)
These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).
A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel).
Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search all the priorities.
Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.