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diff --git a/manual/pthread_mutex_init.html b/manual/pthread_mutex_init.html index f9982cf..cdb333e 100644 --- a/manual/pthread_mutex_init.html +++ b/manual/pthread_mutex_init.html @@ -3,22 +3,37 @@ <HEAD> <META HTTP-EQUIV="CONTENT-TYPE" CONTENT="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <TITLE>PTHREAD_MUTEX(3) manual page</TITLE> - <META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="OpenOffice.org 1.1.3 (Linux)"> + <META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="OpenOffice.org 3.2 (Linux)"> <META NAME="CREATED" CONTENT="20050505;5000"> - <META NAME="CHANGED" CONTENT="20050505;19000600"> + <META NAME="CHANGEDBY" CONTENT="Ross Johnson"> + <META NAME="CHANGED" CONTENT="20110326;15072100"> + <META NAME="CHANGEDBY" CONTENT="Ross Johnson"> + <META NAME="CHANGEDBY" CONTENT="Ross Johnson"> <!-- manual page source format generated by PolyglotMan v3.2, --> <!-- available at http://polyglotman.sourceforge.net/ --> + <STYLE TYPE="text/css"> + <!-- + H4.cjk { font-family: "AR PL UMing CN" } + H4.ctl { font-family: "Lohit Devanagari" } + H2.cjk { font-family: "AR PL UMing CN" } + H2.ctl { font-family: "Lohit Devanagari" } + PRE.cjk { font-family: "AR PL UMing CN", monospace } + PRE.ctl { font-family: "Lohit Devanagari", monospace } + --> + </STYLE> </HEAD> <BODY LANG="en-GB" BGCOLOR="#ffffff" DIR="LTR"> -<H4>POSIX Threads for Windows – REFERENCE - <A HREF="http://sources.redhat.com/pthreads-win32">Pthreads-w32</A></H4> +<H4 CLASS="western">POSIX Threads for Windows – REFERENCE - +<A HREF="http://sources.redhat.com/pthreads-win32">Pthreads-w32</A></H4> <P><A HREF="index.html">Reference Index</A></P> <P><A HREF="#toc">Table of Contents</A></P> -<H2><A HREF="#toc0" NAME="sect0">Name</A></H2> +<H2 CLASS="western"><A HREF="#toc0" NAME="sect0">Name</A></H2> <P>pthread_mutex_init, pthread_mutex_lock, pthread_mutex_trylock, -pthread_mutex_timedlock, pthread_mutex_unlock, pthread_mutex_destroy -- operations on mutexes +pthread_mutex_timedlock, pthread_mutex_unlock, +pthread_mutex_consistent, pthread_mutex_destroy - operations on +mutexes </P> -<H2><A HREF="#toc1" NAME="sect1">Synopsis</A></H2> +<H2 CLASS="western"><A HREF="#toc1" NAME="sect1">Synopsis</A></H2> <P><B>#include <pthread.h></B> </P> <P><B>#include <time.h></B></P> @@ -49,9 +64,11 @@ const pthread_mutexattr_t *</B><I>mutexattr</I><B>);</B> </P> <P><B>int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *</B><I>mutex</I><B>);</B> </P> +<P><B>int pthread_mutex_consistent(pthread_mutex_t *</B><I>mutex</I><B>);</B> +</P> <P><B>int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex_t *</B><I>mutex</I><B>);</B> </P> -<H2><A HREF="#toc2" NAME="sect2">Description</A></H2> +<H2 CLASS="western"><A HREF="#toc2" NAME="sect2">Description</A></H2> <P>A mutex is a MUTual EXclusion device, and is useful for protecting shared data structures from concurrent modifications, and implementing critical sections and monitors. @@ -76,16 +93,22 @@ for more information on mutex attributes. statically, using the constants <B>PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER</B> (for normal “fast” mutexes), <B>PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX_INITIALIZER</B> (for recursive mutexes), and <B>PTHREAD_ERRORCHECK_MUTEX_INITIALIZER</B> -(for error checking mutexes). <SPAN STYLE="font-weight: medium"> In -the <B>Pthreads-w32</B> implementation, an application should still -call <B>pthread_mutex_destroy</B> at some point to ensure that any +(for error checking mutexes). <SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">In +the </SPAN><B>Pthreads-w32</B> <SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">implementation, +an application should still call </SPAN><B>pthread_mutex_destroy</B> +<SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">at some point to ensure that any resources consumed by the mutex are released.</SPAN></P> +<P><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">Any mutex type can be +initialized as a </SPAN><B>robust mutex</B><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">. +See </SPAN><A HREF="pthread_mutexattr_init.html"><B>pthread_mutexattr_init</B><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">(3)</SPAN></A> +<SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">for more information as well as the +section </SPAN><I><U><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">Robust Mutexes</SPAN></U></I> +<SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">below.</SPAN></P> <P><B>pthread_mutex_lock</B> locks the given mutex. If the mutex is currently unlocked, it becomes locked and owned by the calling thread, and <B>pthread_mutex_lock</B> returns immediately. If the mutex is already locked by another thread, <B>pthread_mutex_lock</B> -suspends the calling thread until the mutex is unlocked. -</P> +suspends the calling thread until the mutex is unlocked.</P> <P>If the mutex is already locked by the calling thread, the behavior of <B>pthread_mutex_lock</B> depends on the type of the mutex. If the mutex is of the “normal” type, the calling thread is suspended @@ -101,15 +124,18 @@ be performed before the mutex returns to the unlocked state. <P><B>pthread_mutex_trylock</B> behaves identically to <B>pthread_mutex_lock</B>, except that it does not block the calling thread if the mutex is already locked by another thread (or by the -calling thread in the case of a “normal” mutex). Instead, -<B>pthread_mutex_trylock</B> returns immediately with the error code -<B>EBUSY</B>. +calling thread in the case of a “normal” or “<SPAN STYLE="font-style: normal">errorcheck</SPAN>” +mutex). Instead, <B>pthread_mutex_trylock</B> returns immediately +with the error code <B>EBUSY</B>. </P> <P><B>pthread_mutex_timedlock</B> behaves identically to <B>pthread_mutex_lock</B>, except that if it cannot acquire the lock before the <I>abs_timeout</I> time, the call returns with the error code <B>ETIMEDOUT</B>. If the mutex can be locked immediately it is, and the <B>abs_timeout</B> parameter is ignored.</P> +<P><B>pthread_mutex_consistent</B> may only be called for +<B>PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST</B> mutexes. It simply marks the mutex as +consistent. See <I><U>Robust Mutexes</U></I> below.</P> <P><B>pthread_mutex_unlock</B> unlocks the given mutex. The mutex is assumed to be locked and owned by the calling thread on entrance to <B>pthread_mutex_unlock</B>. If the mutex is of the “normal” @@ -117,19 +143,53 @@ type, <B>pthread_mutex_unlock</B> always returns it to the unlocked state. If it is of the ‘‘recursive’’ type, it decrements the locking count of the mutex (number of <B>pthread_mutex_lock</B> operations performed on it by the calling thread), and only when this -count reaches zero is the mutex actually unlocked. -</P> +count reaches zero is the mutex actually unlocked. In <B>Pthreads-win32</B>, +non-robust normal or default mutex types do not check the owner of +the mutex. For all types of robust mutexes the owner is checked and +an error code is returned if the calling thread does not own the +mutex.</P> <P>On ‘‘error checking’’ mutexes, <B>pthread_mutex_unlock</B> actually checks at run-time that the mutex is locked on entrance, and that it was locked by the same thread that is now calling <B>pthread_mutex_unlock</B>. If these conditions are not met, an error code is returned and the mutex remains unchanged. ‘‘Normal’’ -mutexes perform no such checks, thus allowing a locked mutex to be -unlocked by a thread other than its owner. This is non-portable -behavior and is not meant to be used as a feature.</P> +[non-robust] mutexes perform no such checks, thus allowing a locked +mutex to be unlocked by a thread other than its owner. This is +non-portable behavior and is not meant to be used as a feature.</P> <P><B>pthread_mutex_destroy</B> destroys a mutex object, freeing the resources it might hold. The mutex must be unlocked on entrance.</P> -<H2><A HREF="#toc3" NAME="sect3">Cancellation</A></H2> +<H2 CLASS="western"><A HREF="#toc10" NAME="sect10">Robust Mutexes</A></H2> +<P>If the mutex is <B>PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST</B> and the owning thread +terminates without unlocking the mutex the implementation will wake +one waiting thread, if any. The next thread to acquire the mutex will +receive the error code <B>EOWNERDEAD</B><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">, +in which case that thread should if possible ensure that the state +protected by the mutex is consistent and then call +</SPAN><B>pthread_mutex_consistent</B> <SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">before +unlocking. The mutex may then be used normally from then on.</SPAN></P> +<P><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">If the thread cannot recover the +state then it must call </SPAN><B>pthread_mutex_unlock</B><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal"> +without calling </SPAN><B>pthread_mutex_consistent</B><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">. +This will mark the mutex as unusable and wake all currently waiting +threads with the return code </SPAN><B>ENOTRECOVERABLE</B><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">. +The error indicates that the mutex is no longer usable and any +threads that receive this error code from any lock operation have not +acquired the mutex. The mutex can be made consistent by calling +</SPAN><B>pthread_mutex_destroy</B> <SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">to +uninitialize the mutex, and calling </SPAN><B>pthread_mutex_int</B> +<SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">to reinitialize the mutex. However, +the state that was protected by the mutex remains inconsistent and +some form of application recovery is required.</SPAN></P> +<P><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">If a thread that receives the +</SPAN><B>EOWNERDEAD</B> <SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">error code +itself terminates without unlocking the mutex then this behaviour +repeats for the next acquiring thread.</SPAN></P> +<P><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">Applications must ensure that +they check the return values from all calls targeting robust mutexes.</SPAN></P> +<P STYLE="font-weight: normal">Robust mutexes are slower because they +require some additional overhead, however they are not very much +slower than the non-robust recursive type.</P> +<H2 CLASS="western"><A HREF="#toc3" NAME="sect3">Cancellation</A></H2> <P>None of the mutex functions is a cancellation point, not even <B>pthread_mutex_lock</B>, in spite of the fact that it can suspend a thread for arbitrary durations. This way, the status of mutexes at @@ -138,46 +198,56 @@ unlock precisely those mutexes that need to be unlocked before the thread stops executing. Consequently, threads using deferred cancellation should never hold a mutex for extended periods of time. </P> -<H2><A HREF="#toc4" NAME="sect4">Async-signal Safety</A></H2> +<H2 CLASS="western"><A HREF="#toc4" NAME="sect4">Async-signal Safety</A></H2> <P>The mutex functions are not async-signal safe. What this means is that they should not be called from a signal handler. In particular, calling <B>pthread_mutex_lock</B> or <B>pthread_mutex_unlock</B> from a signal handler may deadlock the calling thread. </P> -<H2><A HREF="#toc5" NAME="sect5">Return Value</A></H2> +<H2 CLASS="western"><A HREF="#toc5" NAME="sect5">Return Value</A></H2> <P><B>pthread_mutex_init</B> always returns 0. The other mutex functions return 0 on success and a non-zero error code on error. </P> -<H2><A HREF="#toc6" NAME="sect6">Errors</A></H2> +<H2 CLASS="western"><A HREF="#toc6" NAME="sect6">Errors</A></H2> <P>The <B>pthread_mutex_lock</B> function returns the following error code on error: </P> <DL> <DL> - <DT STYLE="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><B>EINVAL</B> - </DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"> + <DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"><B>EINVAL</B></DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> the mutex has not been properly initialized. - </DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"> - <B>EDEADLK</B> - </DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"> + </DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> + <B>EDEADLK</B></DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> the mutex is already locked by the calling thread (‘‘error checking’’ mutexes only). - </DD></DL> -</DL> -<P> -The <B>pthread_mutex_trylock</B> function returns the following error -codes on error: -</P> -<DL> - <DL> - <DT STYLE="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><B>EBUSY</B> - </DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"> + </DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> + <B>EOWNERDEAD</B></DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> + the robust mutex is now locked by the calling thread after the + previous owner terminated without unlocking it.</DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> + <B>ENOTRECOVERABLE</B></DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> + the robust mutex is not locked and is no longer usable after the + previous owner unlocked it without calling + pthread_mutex_consistent.</DD></DL> + <DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> + The <B>pthread_mutex_trylock</B> function returns the following + error codes on error: + </DD><DL> + <DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> + <B>EBUSY</B> + </DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> the mutex could not be acquired because it was currently locked. - </DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"> + </DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> <B>EINVAL</B> - </DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"> + </DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> the mutex has not been properly initialized. - </DD></DL> + </DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> + <B>EOWNERDEAD</B></DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> + the robust mutex is now locked by the calling thread after the + previous owner terminated without unlocking it.</DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> + <B>ENOTRECOVERABLE</B></DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> + the robust mutex is not locked and is no longer usable after the + previous owner unlocked it without calling + pthread_mutex_consistent.</DD></DL> </DL> <P> The <B>pthread_mutex_timedlock</B> function returns the following @@ -185,15 +255,22 @@ error codes on error: </P> <DL> <DL> - <DT STYLE="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><B>ETIMEDOUT</B> - </DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"> + <DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"><B>ETIMEDOUT</B> + </DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> the mutex could not be acquired before the <I>abs_timeout</I> time arrived. - </DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"> + </DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> <B>EINVAL</B> - </DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"> + </DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> the mutex has not been properly initialized. - </DD></DL> + </DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> + <B>EOWNERDEAD</B></DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> + the robust mutex is now locked by the calling thread after the + previous owner terminated without unlocking it.</DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> + <B>ENOTRECOVERABLE</B></DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> + the robust mutex is not locked and is no longer usable after the + previous owner unlocked it without calling + pthread_mutex_consistent.</DD></DL> </DL> <P> The <B>pthread_mutex_unlock</B> function returns the following error @@ -201,12 +278,12 @@ code on error: </P> <DL> <DL> - <DT STYLE="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><B>EINVAL</B> - </DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"> + <DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"><B>EINVAL</B> + </DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> the mutex has not been properly initialized. - </DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"> + </DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> <B>EPERM</B> - </DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"> + </DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> the calling thread does not own the mutex (‘‘error checking’’ mutexes only). </DD></DL> @@ -217,61 +294,63 @@ code on error: </P> <DL> <DL> - <DT STYLE="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><B>EBUSY</B> - </DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"> + <DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"><B>EBUSY</B> + </DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"> the mutex is currently locked. </DD></DL> </DL> -<H2> +<H2 CLASS="western"> <A HREF="#toc7" NAME="sect7">Author</A></H2> <P>Xavier Leroy <Xavier.Leroy@inria.fr> </P> <P>Modified by Ross Johnson for use with <A HREF="http://sources.redhat.com/pthreads-win32">Pthreads-w32</A>.</P> -<H2><A HREF="#toc8" NAME="sect8">See Also</A></H2> +<H2 CLASS="western"><A HREF="#toc8" NAME="sect8">See Also</A></H2> <P><A HREF="pthread_mutexattr_init.html"><B>pthread_mutexattr_init</B>(3)</A> , <A HREF="pthread_mutexattr_init.html"><B>pthread_mutexattr_settype</B>(3)</A> , <A HREF="pthread_cancel.html"><B>pthread_cancel</B>(3)</A> . </P> -<H2><A HREF="#toc9" NAME="sect9">Example</A></H2> +<H2 CLASS="western"><A HREF="#toc9" NAME="sect9">Example</A></H2> <P>A shared global variable <I>x</I> can be protected by a mutex as follows: </P> -<PRE STYLE="margin-left: 1cm; margin-right: 1cm">int x; -pthread_mutex_t mut = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;</PRE><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm"> +<PRE CLASS="western" STYLE="margin-left: 0.39in; margin-right: 0.39in">int x; +pthread_mutex_t mut = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;</PRE><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in"> All accesses and modifications to <I>x</I> should be bracketed by calls to <B>pthread_mutex_lock</B> and <B>pthread_mutex_unlock</B> as follows: </BLOCKQUOTE> -<PRE STYLE="margin-left: 1.03cm; margin-right: 2cm">pthread_mutex_lock(&mut); +<PRE CLASS="western" STYLE="margin-left: 0.41in; margin-right: 0.79in">pthread_mutex_lock(&mut); /* operate on x */ pthread_mutex_unlock(&mut);</PRE> <HR> -<BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 4cm"><A NAME="toc"></A><B>Table of -Contents</B></BLOCKQUOTE> +<BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in"><A NAME="toc"></A><B>Table +of Contents</B></BLOCKQUOTE> <UL> - <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 4cm; margin-bottom: 0cm"><A HREF="#sect0" NAME="toc0">Name</A> + <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in; margin-bottom: 0in"><A HREF="#sect0" NAME="toc0">Name</A> </BLOCKQUOTE> - <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 4cm; margin-bottom: 0cm"><A HREF="#sect1" NAME="toc1">Synopsis</A> + <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in; margin-bottom: 0in"><A HREF="#sect1" NAME="toc1">Synopsis</A> </BLOCKQUOTE> - <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 4cm; margin-bottom: 0cm"><A HREF="#sect2" NAME="toc2">Description</A> + <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in; margin-bottom: 0in"><A HREF="#sect2" NAME="toc2">Description</A> </BLOCKQUOTE> - <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 4cm; margin-bottom: 0cm"><A HREF="#sect3" NAME="toc3">Cancellation</A> + <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in; margin-bottom: 0in"><A HREF="#sect10" NAME="toc10">Robust + Mutexes</A></BLOCKQUOTE> + <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in; margin-bottom: 0in"><A HREF="#sect3" NAME="toc3">Cancellation</A> </BLOCKQUOTE> - <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 4cm; margin-bottom: 0cm"><A HREF="#sect4" NAME="toc4">Async-signal + <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in; margin-bottom: 0in"><A HREF="#sect4" NAME="toc4">Async-signal Safety</A> </BLOCKQUOTE> - <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 4cm; margin-bottom: 0cm"><A HREF="#sect5" NAME="toc5">Return + <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in; margin-bottom: 0in"><A HREF="#sect5" NAME="toc5">Return Value</A> </BLOCKQUOTE> - <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 4cm; margin-bottom: 0cm"><A HREF="#sect6" NAME="toc6">Errors</A> + <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in; margin-bottom: 0in"><A HREF="#sect6" NAME="toc6">Errors</A> </BLOCKQUOTE> - <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 4cm; margin-bottom: 0cm"><A HREF="#sect7" NAME="toc7">Author</A> + <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in; margin-bottom: 0in"><A HREF="#sect7" NAME="toc7">Author</A> </BLOCKQUOTE> - <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 4cm; margin-bottom: 0cm"><A HREF="#sect8" NAME="toc8">See + <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in; margin-bottom: 0in"><A HREF="#sect8" NAME="toc8">See Also</A> </BLOCKQUOTE> - <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 4cm"><A HREF="#sect9" NAME="toc9">Example</A> + <LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in"><A HREF="#sect9" NAME="toc9">Example</A> </BLOCKQUOTE> </UL> </BODY> -</HTML> +</HTML>
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